answer:Chapter 4: Coping Strategies Adopted by Residents 4.1 Introduction In this chapter, we shall delve into the various coping strategies adopted by residents of Harare in response to the deteriorating clean water supply services. The chapter examines the practical measures implemented by households and communities to address the issue of inadequate water supply while highlighting the reasons behind their choice of coping strategies. To provide a comprehensive understanding of the situation, the chapter aims at providing a critical analysis of the effectiveness, sustainability, and potential implications of these coping strategies. 4.2 Coping Strategies Implemented by Households 4.2.1 Water collection and storage In response to the deteriorating clean water supply services, many households have resorted to collecting water from alternative sources such as community boreholes, natural springs, and wells. Apart from the traditional forms of water storage like drums, buckets, and basins, some households have installed large-scale storage tanks to secure an adequate water supply during times of scarcity. In some cases, residents have also formed groups for bulk water purchasing from private suppliers. 4.2.2 Water treatment and purification To ensure the safety of water collected from various sources, households have adopted several water treatment and purification methods. The most common methods include boiling, use of water purification tablets, solar disinfection, and filtering through a cloth. Additionally, some households have also resorted to buying bottled water or using domestic water filters. 4.2.3 Water conservation With the awareness of the water crisis, many households have become more cautious about water usage and adopted water-saving practices. These include using a bucket instead of a shower, collecting rainwater, fixing leaks promptly, and reusing greywater for activities like gardening and cleaning. 4.3 Community-based Coping Strategies 4.3.1 Community boreholes and wells To supplement the intermittent water supply, numerous communities in Harare have dug boreholes and wells. These water sources are either operated by the community members or by local authorities. While boreholes provide a relatively safe water supply, the quality of well water varies depending on their construction and maintenance. 4.3.2 Collaborative efforts in water collection and distribution In some cases, communities have organized themselves to collect water from nearby sources and distribute it among households using shared transportation devices like wheelbarrows, carts, and even rented trucks. This collective approach ensures equitable distribution of water resources and reduces the burden on individual households. 4.3.3 Community awareness and participation Several community-based organizations have been established to collectively address the water crisis. These organizations play a vital role in increasing awareness about the importance of water conservation, promoting the adoption of sustainable water management practices, and advocating for improved water supply services from local authorities. 4.4 Critical Analysis of Coping Strategies 4.4.1 Effectiveness While some coping strategies have been successful in ensuring temporary access to clean water, they may not be effective in providing a long-term solution to the problem. For instance, storage tanks and alternative water sources are only useful when there is an adequate supply to begin with. Additionally, water treatment and purification methods may not completely eliminate the risk of waterborne diseases. 4.4.2 Sustainability The sustainability of most coping strategies is also questionable. Boreholes and wells, for instance, heavily rely on groundwater resources, which, if not managed properly, can lead to water depletion and environmental degradation. Moreover, heavy reliance on water storage can lead to wastage and increased water pollution. 4.4.3 Implications As residents become increasingly dependent on alternative water sources, the demand for water has outgrown the available supply. This has led to the commercialization of water, thereby causing affordability issues, particularly for low-income households. Furthermore, coping strategies themselves have financial and social implications. Households incur extra costs for water storage, treatment, and transportation, while women and children are disproportionately affected as they often bear the responsibility of water collection. 4.5 Conclusion In conclusion, residents of Harare have employed various coping strategies to deal with the deteriorating clean water supply services. While some of these strategies have been effective in providing temporary relief, they may not offer sustainable solutions to address the root causes of the problem. It is therefore essential for the government and relevant stakeholders to prioritize the provision of clean, reliable, and affordable water supply services to ensure the well-being and development of the Zimbabwean people.

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